Proclamation of Ferdinand VI in Cusco (23 September 1747): Art and Politics
The article analyses the royal proclamation of Ferdinand VI in Cusco (Peru) which took place on 23 September 1747, on the birthday of the king. A reconstruction of the celebration was possible thanks to two sources: the city chronicle written in the mid-eighteenth century by Diego de Esquivel y Navía and an occasional print containing a description of the ceremony by José Antonio Santander (1748). The article discusses three aspects of the presented celebrations. First of all, it presents the general context, i.e. the problem of festival celebrations related to the royal family as a part of the Spanish crown policy. Secondly, it details artistic issues related to the celebrations. It includes a description of the artistic setting with the features of occasional architecture and ephemeral painting. Finally, the article examines the local, social and political contexts of the celebrations, read as a manifestation of the city’s emancipation efforts based on the emphasis of Cusco’s antiquity and its rich imperial tradition in the Pre-Hispanic period.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 129-149
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 25 Nr 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 129-149
Latin America: The Region without Catalonia
The aim of this article is to analyse the issue of “weak separatism” in Latin America as well as to give an answer to the question why there are no significant separatist movements in this region. The authors provide the definitions of separatism and secessionism as well as an explanation of these phenomena. Moreover, they present an overview of historical and contemporary separatist movements in Latin America. Based on Horowitz’s theory of ethnic separatism, the authors attempt to analyse the separatist movement “The South is My Country” in Brazil and compare it with separatism in Catalonia in Spain, where a referendum on independence from Spain was held in 2017, serving as an impetus for a similar referendum that took place in the South of Brazil. In spite of similar goals of these two separatist movements, the authors argue that there are significant differences in their nature, which are determined by the history and culture of the respective countries.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 111-128
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 25 Nr 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 111-128
Argentine Concordat as an International Agreement Regulating the Law of Patronage
In the history of relations between the Argentinean government and the Holy See, two ideas are permanently intertwined: signing the Concordat and defending national patronage. The changes that occurred in the 1960s indicated that exercising the right of patronage, based on the principles outlined in the Constitution, was impossible, and the peaceful establishment of the principles of bilateral relations could only be indicated through an international agreement. The Concordat signed by Argentina in 1966 removed the national patronage, but the changes to the content of the Constitution were introduced only in 1994. The aim of the study is to show the concordat agreement concluded in 1966 by Argentina with the Holy See as an example of an international agreement. The main focus is the presentation of concordat standards for the institution of patronage. Due to the subject and purpose of the study, the work uses methods typical of social sciences in the legal science discipline. The dogmatic-legal method is the basis for consideration of the Concordat as a source of Argentine law, and as an auxiliary method, the historical-legal method was used to show the historical background of the presented issue.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 89-109
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 25 Nr 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 89-109
The End of the Myth of the Cuban Exile? Current Trends in Cuban Emigration
Cuban migrants are considered as and referred to as exiles. However, in the face of the economic transformations in Cuba, as well as the rapprochement between the U.S. and Cuba, it has become necessary to revise the epistemological and semiotic foundations of this phenomenon. The current migratory trends among the Cubans do not meet the definition of exiles. Thus, the title of this article reflects the research assumption and the principal aim that the current circumstances in Cuba, as well as the migratory flows of Cubans mark the decline of the myth of the Cuban exile; a myth built by the media.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 75-88
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 25 Nr 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 75-88
Towards Homes and Graves. About the Returns, Desaparecidos and Exhumation Challenges in Peru at the End of the Twentieth Century
The article concerns the wartime history of Peru and examines both topdown and bottom-up practices of accounting for the internal conflict of 1980–2000, which were initiated in the background of the warfare. The aim of the article is to discuss the connections I observed between the phenomena referred to in the title: return migrations of the inhabitants of the central-southern province, their search for the victims of forced disappearances, as well as the exhumation challenges emerging since the beginning of the war. In other words, the text constitutes an attempt to contextualise the above-mentioned issues given competing versions of memory about political violence in the Andes, with particular focus on their top-down determinants in the Fujimorism era.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 49-74
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 25 Nr 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 49-74
Between Autonomy and Independence. The Democratisation of the Armed Forces in Latin America in the Twenty-First Century
The aim of this article is to analyse the new forms of militarism as well as the position and the role of the armed forces in Latin American political systems in the twenty-first century. The first part analyses two selected forms of military participation in politics: the participation of former servicemembers in presidential elections and their performance as presidents, and the militarisation of political parties. The second part of the article focuses on the issue of contemporary civil-military relations in Latin America, discussing the problems associated with the establishment of democratic control over the armed forces, the reform of the Ministries of Defense and the redefinition of the functions of the army.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 29-47
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 25 Nr 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 29-47
The Problem of Organized Crime in the South American Tri-Border Area: Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina
The paper shows mechanisms and manifestations of the challenges for the security in the South American Tri-Border Area (Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina). It analyses the background of the activity of chosen organized crime and terrorist groups in this region. The article refers to some social and economic conditions for the spread of violence and illegal business in the area. It is focused on the most important dimensions of these problems and on the strategy implemented by South American governments to fight and prevent organized crime. The paper shows how the security forces deal with the threat and evaluate the impact of these efforts.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 9-28
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 25 Nr 1 (2020): Politics, Society and Culture in Latin America; 9-28
Russian-Estonian Relations After 2007: Current Status and Development Prospects
The Estonian State Integration Programme
The article highlights the major points that have influenced relations between Russia and Estonia after 2007. These relations were rather poor during the post- Soviet period. The number of Russian people who lived in Estonia after gaining independence in 1991 exceeded 30%, which resulted in the very keen interest of Russia In Estonian politics. April 2007 created a new reality for relations between the countries. The decision to move the statues of Second World War Soviet soldiers from main squares to cemeteries provoked negative reactions from Russians living in Estonia, but also infuriated leaders of the Russian government. As a consequence there were harsh verbal attacks from Moscow, the Estonian ambassador to Moscow was harassed, cyberspace attacks took place and traffic over the bridge in Narva, which is a key highway from Russia, was blocked. The Estonian authorities know there is no point in maintaining conflict with Russia. The President of Estonia, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, has stressed that Estonia’s relationship with its biggest neighbour, Russia, can only get better. Russia play an incredibly important role in the Estonian economy and tourist industry, according to Andrus Ansip, the Prime Minister of Estonia.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 49-57
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 13 Nr 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 49-57
Twenty Years of Poland's Euro-Atlantic Foreign Policy
During the years 1989-1991, after a deep transformation of the internal system and the international order in Europe, Poland pursued a sovereign foreign policy. The new policy had the following general goals: 1) to develop a new international security system which would guarantee Poland’s national security; 2) to gain diplomatic support for the reforms conducted in Poland, including primarily the transformation of the economy and its adaption to free market mechanisms, which were designed to result in economic growth; and 3) to maintain and increase the international prestige of Poland and the Poles, who had been the first to commence the struggle to create a democratic civil society in the Eastern bloc. Implementing this new concept of foreign policy, Poland entered the Council of Europe in November 1991. The following year, Warsaw started to strive for membership of NATO, which was achieved in March 1999. A few years later, Polish leaders pursued policies in which Poland played the role of a “Trojan horse” for the USA. This was manifested most clearly during the Iraqi crisis of 2003, and in the following years, particularly in 2005-2007. From spring 1990 Poland aspired to integration with the European Community; in December of the following year it signed an association agreement, which fully entered into force in February 1994. In the period 1998-2002 Poland negotiated successfully with the European Union and finally entered this Union in May 2004. In subsequent years Poland adopted an Eurosceptic and sometimes anti-EU position. The new Polish government, established after the parliamentary election of autumn 2007, moved away from an Eurosceptic policy and pursued a policy of engagement with European integration.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 33-47
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 13 Nr 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 33-47
Polish-Russian Economic Relations Under the Conditions of System Transformation
economic transformation in Central-Eastern Europe
The rapid economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, modelled on Western economies and based, in some aspects, on neoliberal principles, Has found the region’s countries to a bigger (Eastern European countries) or lesser (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) degree unprepared. The resulting economic recession, especially in Russia, has had an adverse effect on mutual trade between Poland and Russia. In order to improve economic relations with Russia and increase the trade volume, Poland, remaining within the bounds of EU standards and regulations, needs to adapt the commodity structure of Polish exports to the needs of the Russian market.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 23-31
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 13 Nr 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 23-31