ENHANCING COUNTRY IMAGE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TOURISM STRATEGY BETWEEN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA
The global competition has become a mandatory phenomenon faced nowadays. Both the emerging economic country and the advanced economic country are competing each other to create and produce something different by maximizing their potentials and performances to obtain more profit that will be impacted to the politic and the economic aspects. Tourism sector is one of the country‟s potentials which has a big role to support the national interests by attaining benefit immensely. Tourism is an efficient industry to earn financial profit and enhance country reputation especially for nations who have abundant of natural resources. As tropical countries, Indonesia and Malaysia government has set up tourism policy which has been outlined into several strategies. The strategies include marketing and promotion activity which purpose to establish public trust towards related countries by inviting more foreign visitors and investors. In responding to this, both countries are branding their nations by doing a public diplomacy in domestic and overseas through tourism activity. This paper will examine the tourism strategy of Indonesia and Malaysia in attempt to increase country image in international community by emphasizing the implementation of public diplomacy in branding the nation through tourism industry during 2010-2015 time frameworks. Thus, we will apply a comparison method in exploring the strengths and weaknesses of tourism strategy in Indonesia and Malaysia.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 1, No 1 (2016): September 2016 - February 2017
Copyright (c) 2016 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations
Signifikansi Funding Agencies pada Global Research Council (GRC) Sebagai Bagian Masyarakat Sipil Global
Epistemic Community;Global Civil Society;KNETs;Critical Mass;GRC;Funding Agencies
AbstractThe paper discusses the question of the significance of the role of funding agencies in the Global Research Council (GRC). GRC, part of the Global Civil Society (GCS) as an epistemic community, is a virtual organization formed in 2012. Most of its members are from funding agencies and aim to distribute knowledge. This paper concludes that funding agencies at GRC are critical masses that are important in bridging interests between scientific entities in funding research on a global scale and creating a better assessment of research funding. These two things are the difference between other knowledge networks. Conceptually, the author explains the position of GRC as part of global civil society in the form of Global Knowledge Networks (KNETs) and uses the Critical Mass conception in Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI). The author conducted participant observation to be involved in GRC and collected secondary data from journals, books and other related sources. The author elaborates on the mutually influencing relationship between funding agencies and GRC by using several examples of funding cases and best practices from GRC's influence on these funding agencies and how funding agencies affect global funding through GRC. Keywords: Epistemic Community, Global Civil Society, KNETs, Critical Mass, GRC, Funding Agencies
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 6, No 2 (2022)
Departemen Hubungan Internasional Universitas Airlangga
Copyright (c) 2022 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations
Analyzing The Presence of Russia in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Russia; Eastern Mediterranean; Presence; Foreign Policy; Interest
The Mediterranean Sea has an attraction for countries that want to control this area. Among them are the abundant energy resources (such as oil and natural gas), have international trade routes that connect Europe, Africa, and Asia, and offer beaches or ports that can be built and operate year-round. Therefore, a superpower country like Russia is interested in becoming one of the actors that dominate this region. Russian activity in this region has occurred since the era of the Russian empire (Tsardom). However, over time, Russia has ambitions to regain control of the area they previously controlled. The Mediterranean region, especially the Eastern Mediterranean, is a strategic area for Russia in carrying out its foreign policy interests where they want to secure natural resource reserves and international trade routes and look for ports that can operate for a full year. This research aims to analyze how Russia's foreign policy interests result in its presence in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Using qualitative research methods, this research will analyze Russia's presence in the East Mediterranean Sea. This research finds that Russia can demonstrate its presence in the Eastern Mediterranean region by using several political manoeuvres such as the annexation of Crimea, establishing relations with Turkey and Syria, and the use of energy politics in their foreign policy.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 6, No 1 (2022)
The Rise of Malaysian Gastro Diplomacy: From Local Cuisine to the Global Cuisine
Malaysia Kitchen for the World, Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, Gastro diplomacy, Malaysian cuisine
The “Malaysia Kitchen for the World” campaign designed by the Malaysian government acts as a practical effort of gastro diplomacy that is rooted in the sphere of cultural diplomacy. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify the implementation of the “Malaysia Kitchen for the World” campaign in the United Kingdom between 2010 and 2015 and to provide a detailed analysis using the theories of International Relations study, consisting of public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, and gastro diplomacy. This study employs a qualitative method with a case study approach, using secondary sources focusing on journals, articles, and books followed by primary sources from MATRADE and Malaysian government official publications. The findings of this research are that Malaysian cuisine is an essential element for the Malaysian government for promoting Malaysia’s cultural richness, branding local business, and raising global awareness of Malaysian food in the international arena, particularly among British citizens.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 5, No 1 (2021)
Copyright (c) 2021 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations
Since the United States Information Agency (USIA) is no longer active to operate cultural diplomacy in the post-cold war, the concept of cultural diplomacy has experienced a time of crisis in the context of International Relations studies. For a decade, cultural diplomacy was marginalized and considered obsolete until finally in the early 2000s, cultural diplomacy was revived and activated both in practice and theory. Since then, cultural diplomacy has returned to its path. The discourse of cultural diplomacy in International Relations studies has developed to gain more specific activities. This is a qualitative research, with the aim of understanding cultural diplomacy in a more holistic way. The results of this study indicate a debate and a lack of consensus on several aspects of cultural diplomacy and bringing much unclear explanation. This study also shows a dichotomy between cultural diplomacy and other approaches.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 4, No 2 (2020)
Balance of Threat of QSD toward China’s Presence in the South China Sea
Australia, Balance of Threat, China, India, Japan, Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), South China Sea, United States
AbstrakLatar belakang artikel ini adalah ekspansi China di Laut China Selatan serta pengaktifan kembali Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD). QSD adalah pertemuan non-formal yang beranggotakan United States, Australia, India, dan Japan. Artikel ini berusaha untuk menjawab ‘Apa keunggulan yang dimiliki oleh QSD pasca pengaktifan kembali mereka untuk menghadapi kehadiran China di Laut China Selatan?’. Teori utama yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah Balance of Threat dari Stephen Walt. Hasil dari artikel ini memperlihatkan keunggulan yang dimiliki oleh QSD adalah lokasi geografis, sebagian besar sumber daya dan persenjataan, serta program latihan perang bersama dan modernisasi persenjataan. Keunggulan tersebut dapat digunakan QSD untuk menghadapi niat mengancam dari China dengan kehadiran mereka di Laut China Selatan.AbstractThe background of this article is the expansion of China in the South China Sea and the reactivation of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD). QSD is an informal meeting with members from the United States, Australia, India, and Japan. This article seeks to answer 'What advantages does QSD have after their reactivation to face China's presence in the South China Sea?'. The main theory used in this article is the Balance of Threat from Stephen Walt. The results of this article show the advantages possessed by QSD is the geographical location, the majority of resources and weapons, as well as joint war training and weapon modernization programs. These advantages can be used by QSD to face the threatening intentions of China with its presence in the South China Sea.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 4, No 1 (2020)
Copyright (c) 2020 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations
The Contribution of NGO in Public Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Singapore Institute of International Affairs in Resolving the Transboundary Haze Pollution Issue between Singapore-Indonesia (2012-2016)
In 2013, Southeast Asian countries have to face a disastrous haze pollution coming from Indonesia. Transboundary Haze Pollution (THP) is a deadly occurrences that repeats annually. As a result, Indonesia’s neighboring countries must encounter disadvantageous consequences. One of the countries gradually affected is Singapore, since they have been through haze pollution since the late 1980’s. Various attempts have been made by Singapore to mitigate the disaster. Since bilateral and regional efforts do not give any solution, Singapore then implies public diplomacy efforts. The practices of these public diplomacy could be seen from the involvement of one of the nation’s influential NGOs, the Singapore Institute of International Affairs (SIIA). As a result, they are able to pressure Indonesia in applying a more comprehensive map for haze tracker. Therefore, this study expects to invite readers’ interest in the issue of NGO, precisely in International Relations and Public Diplomacy. This study will specifically discuss the practice of SIIA as public diplomacy efforts to resolve the THP issue from 2012 until 2016.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 3, No 2 (2019): March - August 2019
Copyright (c) 2019 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations
International Law Non-Compliance: Assessing Uruguay’s Decision to Legalize Cannabis under Jose Mujica Regime
Uruguay has ratified the international drug control conventions that consist of Single Convention on narcotic drugs 1961 as amended 1972 protocol, the convention on psychotropic substance 1971, and United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. Since then, the Uruguayan government has been a part of the ‘War on Drugs" campaign. In 2012, Jose Mujica proposed the policy of cannabis legalisation. The proposal was signed and passed into Uruguay law no 19172 that allow and regulate the plant, consumption and sale of cannabis on December 20th, 2013. This policy has violated international drug control conventions and received critics from the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), the body of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Despite the critics from INCB, the government stood against the norm of the treaty. This article analyses the causative factors that trigger this behavioural change. The increasing number of drugs users caused many problems in Uruguay especially the increasing numbers of criminal acts. It created national problems and hampering the government's efforts to fight drug trafficking and ensuring the safety of society. By all mean, it became threats to their national interest. Thus, the government believed that compliance with the conventions could not help them to overcome these threats. Uruguay case has shown that state behaviour towards international law will change along its changing national interest.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 3, No 1 (2018): September 2018 - February 2019
From Stockholm to Rio: Critical Reading of Global Environmental Governance
Global environmental governance is deeply undermined due to the problem of overlapping function and lack of funding. It is then important to trace the history of the construction of global environmental governance as an institution. This article would like to understand the dynamics of global environmental governance from Stockholm Conference in 1972 to Rio Conference in 1992. The changes between Stockholm Conference and Rio Conference will be analyzed using English School theory. English School theory has the potential to critically engage with the taken-for-granted norms and institutions. Pluralism and solidarism as the normative wings of English School can elaborate the key driver of global environmental governance. It is expected that this article can contribute to development of environmental studies of English School theory and the formulation of global environmental governance.Keywords: global environmental governance, English School theory, Rio Conference, Stockholm Conference, sustainable development
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 2, No 2 (2018): March - August 2018
Copyright (c) 2018 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations
The Importance of Integrating Environmental Security to Human Security Based Policy in Managing Humanitarian Crisis: The Case of the Lake Chad Basin
Humanitarian crisis is one of the critical problems in international relations which threaten the security. Humanitarian crisis could be caused by many factors, either originated by human activities or environmental degradations. It changed the idea that threat could only be state related, but it could also directly be impacting the people. This article argues that in order to manage this problem, there is the need to shift the perspective in seeing security from traditional (state-centric) to non-traditional (people-centred) to build effective policy. It also argues that environmental security is a part of human security, both have close linkage of action and reaction. The case in the Lake Chad Basin shows that there is a threat to human security from the environment, either it is coming from the water crisis in the lake and the impact of climate change.
AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 2, No 1 (2017): September 2017 - February 2018