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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 12 No. 2 (2019): Winter 2019; 144-149</text>
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                <text>With the recent landmark changes in the political landscape of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;amp;K), a whole new era has been ushered in. A state which was, unfortunately, the test-bed of Pakistan's nefarious agendas for decades has now been subjected to a bold, exigent, and logical step. The dissonance in decision-making has finally given way, laying the fresh ground for renewed endeavors. With “Hybrid Warfare Challenges to the Armed Forces: Realities and Way Ahead” being the subject of scrutiny, a certain degree of factual clarity needs to be brought in right away. Three fundamental queries need to be answered at the outset.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 12 No. 2 (2019): Winter 2019; 122-141</text>
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                <text>Post abrogation of Article 370 and deterioration in Indo-Pak relations, Pakistan is running out of options and, therefore, would again attempt to activate, exploit, and consolidate its hybrid resources. This is likely to manifest in activation of sleeper cells, the surge in infiltration, fresh recruitment, recycling of some apprehended/surrendered terrorists, and triggering violent agitations in the hinterland of Jammu &amp;amp;amp; Kashmir (J&amp;amp;amp;K). To predict and prepare for likely threats in the future, it is essential to understand and contextualise the hybrid warfare capabilities of Pakistan.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 12 No. 2 (2019): Winter 2019; 110-121</text>
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                <text>Jash, Amrita</text>
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                <text>The Chinese perception of the increasing security challenges has prompted a shift from having “fixed mindsets of mechanized warfare” to “establishing the ideological concept of information warfare”.&amp;amp;nbsp; In this framework of understanding, ‘hybrid warfare' acts as a significant component of China's way of fighting a modern war, as witnessed in its growing interest in waging an asymmetrical form of warfare in areas that constitute its ‘core interests'. Wherein, Sun Tzu's recommendation of deception and intelligence, the use of regular and irregular methods with an emphasis on defeating the enemy's will to fight, act as key components of the current Chinese understanding of such warfare.</text>
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                <text>Where does India stand in this muddle of hybrid warfare? Clearly, the next decade for India will not be like the last one. The challenges we face today will endure well into the future, but they will be overshadowed by emerging hybrid threats. It seems likely that these threats will grow Faster, be deadlier, and more ambiguous while expanding into new physical and virtual domains. Conceptually, India has its own share of challenges emanating from this paradox. But, what actually are these threats? And who actually are the perpetrators? This requires pondering over.</text>
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                <text>The hybrid war in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine is linked to history, geography, demography, local and national power play, and International level power politics between the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Russia. Russia has strong fraternal ties with Ukraine dating back to the 9th century and the founding of Kievan Rus, the first eastern Slavic state, whose capital was Kiev/Kyiv. The country has been under partial or total Russian rule for most of those intervening centuries, which is a big part of why one in six Ukrainians is actually an ethnic Russian, one in three speaks Russian as the native language (the other two-thirds speak Ukrainian natively), and much of the country's media is in Russian. It is also why the subject of Russia is such a divisive one in Ukraine: many in the country see Moscow as the source of Ukraine's historical subjugation and something to be resisted, while others tend to look at Russia more fondly, with a sense of shared heritage and history. Nikita Khrushchev and the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union transferred Crimea from under the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the government of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1954. As both republics were a part of the Soviet Union, the move was largely symbolic and of little practical consequence.</text>
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                <text>In the 34-day Israel-Hezbollah War of 2006, Israel's Army, one of the most technologically advanced militaries of the world, was pitted against the fundamentalist Shia Muslim organization Hezbollah in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah, a non-state armed group, was armed with high-tech weaponry and other disruptive technologies, such as Precision Guided Munitions (PGMs), anti-tank missiles, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that are traditionally used by the regular forces of a country. Hezbollah forces shot down Israeli helicopters, severely damaged a patrol boat with a cruise missile, and destroyed a large number of armored tanks by firing guided missiles from hidden bunkers. The group's guerrillas stood their ground with their hi-tech weaponry and guerrilla tactics. They operated in a decentralised manner at the tactical levels, from both their urban and mountain bases, and shocked the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) with their conventional-cum-unconventional forms of warfare. Israel accepted that it committed a mistake in not adequately preparing for a ‘hybrid' conflict with Hezbollah.2 US Army Chief General George W. Casey said that a new type of war that would become increasingly common in the future would be “a hybrid of irregular warfare and conventional warfare.”</text>
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                <text>On September 14, 2019, at 4.00 am, Saudi Arabia suffered a deadly attack on its Aramco owned oil facility at Abqaiq and Khurais oil field, with, as has been stated in a version, a swarm of 18 small drones and seven cruise missiles. Very highly protected and fortified facilities, in addition to armed guards, the area had six battalions of Patriot defence systems, Oerlikon GDF 35mm cannons equipped with the Skyguard radar and Surface-to-Air- Missiles (SAMs). The targets were designated with pin-point accuracy and, hence, the strikes were most effective. They destroyed nearly 50 percent of the country's global supply of crude. The crude prices rose sharply in the International market that saw the US Secretary of State proclaiming it was an “act of war”– yet without a declaration of war. By exactitude, the perpetrators were unidentified, even the trajectory of the flights of the missiles and drones could not be ascertained; only remnants of the Yemeni Quds 1 missile were displayed. The conjectures are aplenty – from drone swarms, to cruise missiles, to stealth aircraft, and even ground action! It is also a fallout of the usage of modern war weaponry: plausible deniability! This is a manifestation of the 21st century's hybrid warfare.</text>
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                <text>The term hybrid warfare, at a normative and intellectual level, appears to be too abstract and the latest thinking seriously considers referring to irregular methods to counter a conventionally superior force. A hybrid adversary is a complex, non-standard, and fluid adversary that demonstrates flexibility and adapts rapidly, uses advanced weapon systems and many disruptive technologies plus mass communication for propaganda for recruitment and to spread fake news. A hybrid war takes place in conventional battlefields, amongst the indigenous population of the war zone and the International community. Therefore, it is pertinent to counter such threats not only militarily but also through unconventional means to make it more holistic. As is evident, the ISIS-like phenomena proliferate because these are not just terrorist organisations but comprise an idea which operates as a highly decentralised entity. Thus, countering it would require a strategy that cuts its basic supply chain, that is, the ISIS needs to be refrained from monetising its acquired natural resource which is oil. If not contained at the primal stage, these entities will sprawl, as ISIS-like organisations can be equated with metastasised cancer, and can&amp;amp;nbsp;form an example for other such hybrid adversaries to be a mirror image in operations. Therefore, the world has to take note of these to contain this phenomenon.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 12 No. 2 (2019): Winter 2019; v-vii</text>
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